Review on the dietary effects of phospholipids in fish and crustacean larviculture

A beneficial effect of dietary phospholipid (PL) supplementation in purified diets in terms of survival, growth, resistance to stress tests, and occurrence of deformities has been demonstrated in larval and juvenile stages of various species of fish and crustaceans. The exact, determination of PL requirements in larvae is complicated due to the difficulty to bio-encapsulate PL in live prey. Furthermore, the great variety in purity and composition of the PL sources, and the experimental conditions (such as diet formulation and extent of co/prefeeding with live food) makes it difficult to compare requirements determined with artificial diets. Larval stages are extremely sensitive to a dietary PL deficiency and require higher levels of dietary PL than juveniles. For most of the fish and crustacean species examined, the estimated PL requirement of larvae are in the range of 1-3% phosphatidylcholine + phosphatidylinositol (PC + PI) of diet dry weight. The absence of a PL A bbreviations: Choline CDP: Choline cy tid ineo '-d iphosphate ; DHA: D ocosahexaenoic acid (22 :6« — 3); EFA: Essential fatty acids; EL: H en-egg lecithin; EPA: E icosapentaenoic acid (2 0 :5 « — 3); EPC: Hen-egg phosphatidylcholine; FS: Free sterol; HUFA: Highly unsaturated fatty acids; NL: Neutral lipid; LPC: 1-Acyl lyso phosphatidylcholine; PC: Phosphatidylcholine; PE: Phosphatidylethanolam ine: PI: Phosphatidylinositol: PL: Phospholipid; POL: Polar lipid; PS: Phosphatidylserine; PU FA : Polyunsaturated fatty acids; SE: Sterol esters; SL: Soybean lecithin; SM: Sphingom yelin; SPC: Soybean phosphatidylcholine; SPE: Soybean phosphatidylethanolam ine; SPÍ: Soybean phosphatidylinositol; Lecithin: A lthough the term 'lec ith in ’ is the trivial nam e for ‘phosphatidylcholine’, lecithin is defined in the food sector as a mixture o f polar and neutral lipids w ith a po lar lipid content o f at least 60% (H ertram pf, 1992). In the present manuscript, the latter definition of ‘lec ith in ’ (e.g., EL, SL) was followed, w hereas ’phosphatidylcholine’ is used for the specific PL having choline as the headgroup (e.g., SPC, EPC). C orresponding author. Present address: IN VE T echnologies, O everstraat 7, B -9200 Baasrode, Belgium. Tel.: 32-52-331320; fax: 32-52-334531; e-m ail: p.coutteau@ inve.be 1 P resent address: Em presa de Pesquisa A gropecuaria do R io G rande do N orte (Em parn), Caixa Postal 188, 59000 N atal, RN, Brazil. 0 0 4 4 -8 4 8 6 /9 7 /$ 1 7 .0 0 © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PH S 0 0 4 4 8 4 8 6 ( 9 7 ) 0 0 1 2 5 -7 Reprinted with permission from: Elsevier Science ELSEVIER